{"id":940,"date":"2022-02-21T14:50:41","date_gmt":"2022-02-21T14:50:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/?page_id=940"},"modified":"2026-05-15T11:55:48","modified_gmt":"2026-05-15T10:55:48","slug":"objects-of-reference","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/ways-of-communicating\/objects-of-reference\/","title":{"rendered":"Objects of reference"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"is-style-intro\">Learn&nbsp;what objects of reference are,&nbsp;who uses them, how they help to communicate and&nbsp;how to&nbsp;get started.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are objects of reference?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1085-1-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A hanging yellow star, blue circle and green square on pegs above which say the days of the week\" class=\"wp-image-7250\" style=\"width:366px;height:548px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1085-1-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1085-1-533x800.jpg 533w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1085-1-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1085-1-1024x1536.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1085-1-1365x2048.jpg 1365w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1085-1-500x750.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1085-1-1067x1600.jpg 1067w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1085-1-600x900.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1085-1.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>An object of reference is a whole physical object, or part of an object, that you hold or touch to&nbsp;represent&nbsp;or identify:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li>A person.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An object.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A place.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An activity.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An idea.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objects of reference examples<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A person&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-secondary-bullets\">\n<li>A scarf&nbsp;= a friend.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A keyring&nbsp;=&nbsp;a support worker.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A stroke of a hand = to say &#8220;hi&#8221; or &#8220;hello&#8221;.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A bracelet = you.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n  <div class=\"wp-block  box    is-style-textured-primary-tint-10  align-right  size-medium\">    <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Sense can help<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default\">We offer free and impartial information about living with complex needs, including deafblindness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default\">We also offer services all over the UK, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/our-services\/support-for-adults\/day-services\/\">day services<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/our-services\/support-for-adults\/community-support\/\">community support<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/our-services\/support-for-adults\/residential-care\/\">residential care<\/a>. Talk to our team to find out more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/ask-us-for-help\/\"><strong>Get in touch by phone, email, post or through a BSL interpreter<\/strong><\/a><strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">An&nbsp;object&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li>A&nbsp;cup&nbsp;= a&nbsp;drink.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A&nbsp;seat buckle&nbsp;= a&nbsp;car.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A place<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-secondary-bullets\">\n<li>A particular towel or a piece of one = the bathroom.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A small rubber ring = school.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">An activity&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li>A pair of goggles or a swimsuit = going swimming.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A toilet roll = loo time.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A sponge = bath time.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A flannel = a shower.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">An idea&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-secondary-bullets\">\n<li>A small, wooden circle = something has finished.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A&nbsp;shape&nbsp;= a day of the week (with&nbsp;a&nbsp;different&nbsp;shape&nbsp;for&nbsp;each&nbsp;day).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Who uses&nbsp;objects of reference?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You can use objects of reference to communicate if you are disabled with complex needs and find it hard to&nbsp;use&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/clear-speech\/\">speech<\/a>, written words,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/sign-language\/\">signing<\/a>,&nbsp;or&nbsp;photographs&nbsp;and&nbsp;symbols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Objects of reference could be helpful if you have&nbsp;one or more of the following:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li>Sight loss.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hearing loss.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Multi-sensory impairment.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Autism spectrum disorder.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Learning disabilities.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Short- or long-term memory difficulties.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Objects of reference&nbsp;are also helpful for parents, family members, friends, therapists and school and support staff communicating with disabled children and adults with complex needs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes, depending on your&nbsp;disabilities,&nbsp;when you know how to use objects of reference,&nbsp;you might be able to move on to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/sign-language\/\">signing<\/a>,&nbsp;or&nbsp;photographs and symbols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote is-style-primary-tint-10\"><blockquote><p>\u201cWe regularly supported a lady to go to the swimming pool and we used her personal symbol on her locker door. This meant that after swimming she could trail her hand along the lockers to find her own belongings. It just gave her a little more independence.\u201d<\/p><cite>Jo Stokes, Quality and Practice Manager, Sense<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How&nbsp;objects of reference help to communicate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Objects of reference help you to:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-secondary-bullets\">\n<li>Make your&nbsp;own choices.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Understand more of what people are saying.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ask someone to start an activity.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ask someone to end an activity.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ask for something you want.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ask to do something or go somewhere.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Understand the different things planned for&nbsp;your&nbsp;day&nbsp;and when they\u2019ll happen.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n  <div class=\"wp-block  box    is-style-textured-grey-tint-10  size-medium\">    <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Before you read on\u2026<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li><strong>You can communicate using a mix of different ways (we all do!)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>At Sense, we use whatever combination of speech, touch, sign or visual language works best.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>It\u2019s never too late to start.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Have a go and don\u2019t worry about getting it wrong.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How&nbsp;to use objects of reference<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You learn to use objects of reference&nbsp;in a similar way to how you learn to use&nbsp;spoken words&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;you&nbsp;always use&nbsp;the&nbsp;same objects to mean the same things.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over time, a connection develops between an object and what it means.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s good to start with a few objects&nbsp;for&nbsp;activities&nbsp;that&nbsp;happen often or&nbsp;for&nbsp;people&nbsp;you see all the time, such as family members.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regular repetition&nbsp;with a few objects makes&nbsp;it easier&nbsp;to&nbsp;make the connection&nbsp;between the object and its meaning.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It also makes it easier to get the whole idea&nbsp;of&nbsp;connecting meaning to objects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objects of reference top tips<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you are disabled with complex needs and use objects of reference, the objects&nbsp;need to&nbsp;be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li>Personal to you.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Used to mean the same thing every time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presented\u202fin\u202fthe\u202fsame\u202fway\u202fevery\u202ftime.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presented before&nbsp;an event or activity.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Used every\u202ftime&nbsp;you\u2019re&nbsp;going to do something you know about, meet someone&nbsp;you know&nbsp;or go somewhere&nbsp;you know.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kept\u202fnear\u202fyou\u202fduring\u202fthe\u202fevent,&nbsp;activity or meeting.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If you&nbsp;use&nbsp;objects of reference to communicate with a disabled children or adult with complex needs, the objects&nbsp;need to&nbsp;be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-secondary-bullets\">\n<li>Personal to the person you\u2019re communicating with.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Used to mean the same thing every time.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presented in the same way every time.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presented before an event or activity.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Used every\u202ftime&nbsp;the person is going to do something&nbsp;they&nbsp;know about, meet someone&nbsp;they&nbsp;know or go somewhere&nbsp;they know.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kept\u202fnear\u202fthem\u202fduring\u202fthe\u202fevent,&nbsp;activity or meeting.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Also:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li>Try to spend time observing closely how they do something, or&nbsp;what they&nbsp;do&nbsp;when they meet someone.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use all your senses to learn how they experience someone or something. This can help you to&nbsp;identify objects of&nbsp;reference that have meaning for them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-style-textured-secondary-tint-10 is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cTilly uses objects of reference to request a nursery rhyme at the end of a virtual pre-school group. She looks carefully in her bag of objects of reference but always chooses The Wheels on the Bus!\u201d<\/p>\n<cite>Sarah Turpin, Senior MSI Practitioner, Sense<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n  <div class=\"wp-block  box    is-style-textured-blue-tint-10  align-center\">    <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of communication<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These are the main ways of communicating that we use:<\/p>\n\n\n\t\n\t\t<ul class=\"iconList  iconList--columns  iconList--big\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iconList__item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"iconList__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_touch_Orange_RGB-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Touching an object\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_touch_Orange_RGB-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_touch_Orange_RGB-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_touch_Orange_RGB-450x450.png 450w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_touch_Orange_RGB-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_touch_Orange_RGB-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_touch_Orange_RGB.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iconList__content\"><p><b>Using touch<\/b><\/p>\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/braille\/\">Braille<\/a>\u00a0uses raised dots to touch.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/deafblind-manual\/\">Deafblind Manual<\/a>\u00a0spells words on to your hand.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/block-alphabet\/\">Block alphabet<\/a>\u00a0spells letters on to your hand.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/moon\/\">Moon<\/a> uses raised lines, curves and dots to touch.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/tadoma\/\">Tadoma<\/a> uses lipreading by touch.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/hand-under-hand-signing\/\">Hand-under-hand signing<\/a>\u00a0using touch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iconList__item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"iconList__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_sign_hands_Orange_RGB-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Two hands signing\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_sign_hands_Orange_RGB-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_sign_hands_Orange_RGB-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_sign_hands_Orange_RGB-450x450.png 450w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_sign_hands_Orange_RGB-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_sign_hands_Orange_RGB-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/communication_sign_hands_Orange_RGB.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iconList__content\"><p><b>Using signs<\/b><\/p>\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/sign-language\/\">Sign language<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/makaton\/\">Makaton<\/a>, a simpler version of sign language.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/visual-frame-signing\/\">Visual frame signing<\/a>\u00a0for people with reduced vision.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iconList__item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"iconList__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/voice_speech_bubble_2_Orange_RGB-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Speech bubble\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/voice_speech_bubble_2_Orange_RGB-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/voice_speech_bubble_2_Orange_RGB-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/voice_speech_bubble_2_Orange_RGB-450x450.png 450w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/voice_speech_bubble_2_Orange_RGB-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/voice_speech_bubble_2_Orange_RGB-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/voice_speech_bubble_2_Orange_RGB.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/> \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iconList__content\"><p><b>Using speech<\/b><\/p>\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/clear-speech\/\">Clear speech.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/lipreading\/\">Lipreading.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iconList__item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"iconList__icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Choices-sign_Orange_PNG_RGB-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"An orange paint brush mark illustration of a sign post pointing in different directions, representing choices.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Choices-sign_Orange_PNG_RGB-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Choices-sign_Orange_PNG_RGB-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Choices-sign_Orange_PNG_RGB-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Choices-sign_Orange_PNG_RGB-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Choices-sign_Orange_PNG_RGB-500x500.png 500w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Choices-sign_Orange_PNG_RGB-450x450.png 450w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Choices-sign_Orange_PNG_RGB-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Choices-sign_Orange_PNG_RGB-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Choices-sign_Orange_PNG_RGB.png 1201w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" style=\"object-position: 50% 50%;\" \/> \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"iconList__content\"><p><b>Also<\/b><\/p>\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/non-formal-communication\/\">Non-formal communication<\/a>\u00a0without speaking, writing or signing.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/communication\/intensive-interaction\/\">Intensive Interaction<\/a>\u00a0treating everything as communication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the 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