{"id":1570,"date":"2022-03-16T14:16:52","date_gmt":"2022-03-16T14:16:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/?page_id=1570"},"modified":"2024-05-20T16:06:06","modified_gmt":"2024-05-20T15:06:06","slug":"congenital-rubella-syndrome","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/conditions\/congenital-rubella-syndrome\/","title":{"rendered":"Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"is-style-intro\">This guide is all about rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It covers what causes rubella, how it is spread, symptoms, treatment and the serious immediate effects on newborn children of congenital rubella syndrome and possible later complications.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default\">You\u2019ll also find out about rubella and pregnancy, looking after yourself and your child, and the importance of vaccinating against rubella through the mumps, measles and rubella (MMR) vaccine.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n  <div class=\"wp-block  box    is-style-textured-grey-tint-10  align-right  size-medium\">    <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Sense is here for everyone with rubella or CRS<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/our-services\/support-in-your-area\/\">We offer support all over the UK<\/a>. Whether you need some expert advice, a place to socialise, or help with communicating or getting around, we offer something for everyone. Because no one should be left out of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"is-style-default\">To find out what kind of support we could give you or your loved one, speak to one of our friendly team.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/information-and-advice-service\/\">Contact us<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p>On this page:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-secondary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#whatisrubella\">What is rubella?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#causes\">What causes rubella?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#spread\">How does rubella spread?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#symptoms\">What are the symptoms of rubella?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#howserious\">How serious is rubella?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#pregnant\">What should I do if I\u2019m pregnant and think I have rubella?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#whatshouldido\">What should I do if I think I or my child has rubella?<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#mmr\">Can rubella be prevented?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"whatisrubella\">What is rubella?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rubella, also known as German measles, is a mild and preventable disease that is now rare in the UK.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is thanks to the introduction of the mumps, measles and rubella vaccine. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the 1940s to the 1960s, before the vaccine programme was introduced, many babies were born affected by rubella.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"causes\">What causes rubella?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rubella is caused by a type of virus called a togavirus.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"spread\">How does rubella spread?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It spreads just like other viruses such as a cold or the flu, through droplets of moisture from the nose or throat of an infected person when they talk, cough or sneeze.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can become infected if you come into contact with droplets from an infected person. It can take two to three weeks for symptoms to develop.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How can I avoid spreading or catching rubella?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Because rubella spreads in coughs and sneezes, you can reduce the risk of catching or spreading it with these tips.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Do<\/strong>:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>Wash your hands often with warm water and soap.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use tissues when you cough or sneeze.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Throw used tissues in the bin.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Don\u2019t<\/strong>:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>Share cutlery, cups, towels, clothes or bedding with anyone.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"symptoms\"><strong>What are the symptoms of rubella?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you catch rubella, the main symptom is a red or pink spotty rash:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-secondary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>The rash appears two to three weeks after you get infected.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The rash starts behind the ears and spreads to the head, neck, and body.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The rash can be hard to see on dark skin but might feel rough or bumpy.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>You might have lumps (swollen glands) in your neck or behind your ears.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Rubella can also cause:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>Aching fingers, wrists or knees.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A high temperature of 38C or above.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coughs.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sneezing and a runny nose.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Headaches.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A sore throat.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sore, red eyes.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How can I treat the symptoms of rubella?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There&#8217;s no specific treatment for rubella and symptoms usually pass within seven to ten days.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While you wait for the infection to pass, you can:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-secondary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhsinform.scot\/tests-and-treatments\/medicines-and-medical-aids\/types-of-medicine\/paracetamol\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">paracetamol<\/a>\u202for\u202f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhsinform.scot\/tests-and-treatments\/medicines-and-medical-aids\/types-of-medicine\/ibuprofen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ibuprofen<\/a> to reduce the fever and treat aches or pains.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use liquid infant paracetamol for young children.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>But <strong>do not give aspirin<\/strong> to children under the age of 16 years.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"howserious\"><strong>How serious is rubella?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Rubella is usually mild and gets better without treatment in seven to ten days.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, rubella is serious if you catch it in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is a risk of miscarriage and rubella can seriously affect your unborn child\u2019s development.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Congenital rubella syndrome<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A baby born affected by rubella has congenital rubella syndrome or CRS.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many babies born with congenital rubella syndrome will have:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hearing loss.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cataracts.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other eye conditions.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Heart problems.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A small head.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brain damage.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Damage to the liver, lungs or bone marrow.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Complications later in life<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Children born with congenital rubella syndrome can develop problems later in life:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-secondary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/type-1-diabetes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Type 1 diabetes\u202f<\/a> \u2013 a lifelong condition that causes a person&#8217;s blood sugar level to become too high.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/overactive-thyroid-hyperthyroidism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Overactive or underactive thyroid.\u202f<\/a>The thyroid gland produces hormones to control the body&#8217;s growth and metabolism (how your body converts food into energy). Changes to the thyroid can affect someone in many ways such as weight gain, tremors or increased anxiety.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Swelling inside the brain, which affects mental function and causes a loss of movement.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Detached retinas, where the retina slips away from the back of the eye causing vision loss.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Glaucoma which increases pressure in the eye and can damage the main nerve and affect vision.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes, hearing difficulties aren&#8217;t obvious at birth and are only diagnosed as the child gets older.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pregnant\"><strong>What should I do if I\u2019m pregnant and think I have rubella<\/strong>?&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Urgently call your midwife, maternity unit or GP if you&#8217;re pregnant and have either:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>A new rash.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Been in close contact with someone who has rubella.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"whatshouldido\"><strong>What should I do if I think I or my child has rubella?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Urgently call your GP if you or your child have symptoms of rubella. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because rubella can spread to others through talking, coughs and sneezes, it&#8217;s best to call before you visit your GP. Your GP may suggest an appointment by phone only.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Avoid contact with pregnant women, including relatives, friends and people you work with until you are no longer infectious or at risk of passing it on.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How can I look after myself or my child?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rubella usually gets better in seven to ten days. It can help to:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-secondary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>Get plenty of rest.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drink lots of fluids, like water or squash.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Take paracetamol or ibuprofen but <strong>do not give aspirin<\/strong> to children under 16 years of age.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stay off nursery, school or work for five days after the rash appears.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Avoid close contact with pregnant women.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mmr\"><strong>Can rubella be prevented?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The best way to prevent rubella is to be vaccinated against it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mumps, measles and rubella (MMR) vaccine<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Children are offered the MMR vaccine as part of the\u202f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhsinform.scot\/healthy-living\/immunisation\/when-to-immunise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">routine childhood immunisation programme<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Routine immunisation is important because it reduces the risk of large outbreaks and helps protect pregnant women and their babies.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MMR is given in two doses:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>The first when your child is between 12 and 13 months old.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A second booster dose before they start school, at three years and four months.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/vaccinations\/booking-your-childs-vaccination-appointment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Read more about booking your child\u2019s vaccination appointment<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How will I know when my child is due for the MMR vaccine?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Your GP surgery will contact you when your child is due for a routine vaccination, by letter, text, phone or email.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You may also receive a letter from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.local.gov.uk\/topics\/social-care-health-and-integration\/public-health\/children-public-health-transfer\/child-health-information-services\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Child Health Information Service<\/a> to let you know your child is due for a vaccination.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How effective is the MMR vaccine?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The MMR vaccine is very effective. After two doses:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-secondary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>Around 99% of people will be protected against measles and rubella.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Around 88% of people will be protected against mumps.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Does the MMR vaccine have any side effects?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The MMR vaccine is very safe. Most side effects are mild and don\u2019t last long. Mild side effects include:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-primary-bullets wp-block-list\">\n<li>The area where the needle went in looking red and swollen, and feeling sore, for two to three days.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Seven to eleven days after the injection, babies or young children may feel a bit unwell or develop a high temperature for two to three days.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Remember:<\/strong> the possible complications of measles and mumps and rubella, and the effects of congenital rubella syndrome are much more serious.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>MMR and older children and adults<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The MMR vaccine can also be given to older children and adults who haven&#8217;t been fully immunised before.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contact your GP if you&#8217;re unsure whether you or your child are up to date with immunisations.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why is it important to get the MMR vaccine?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The MMR vaccine has almost eliminated rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in the UK.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, there have been occasional outbreaks.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1996, around 4,000 cases were reported in England and Wales due to a campaign against the MMR. As a result, 12 babies were born with congenital rubella syndrome. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is why your child should be vaccinated against it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Should I get the MMR vaccine if I\u2019m pregnant?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As a precaution, the MMR vaccine is not recommended if you\u2019re pregnant.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You should also avoid becoming pregnant for one month after having the MMR vaccine.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You should let your GP or midwife know if you had the MMR vaccine while you were pregnant.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evidence suggests it won\u2019t harm your baby, but it&#8217;s better to let them know.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Can I have the MMR vaccine if I have a weakened immune system?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The MMR vaccine is not recommended for people with a severely weakened immune system, for example, if you\u2019re receiving \u202f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/chemotherapy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">chemotherapy<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you have a medical condition or are taking medicine that may affect your immune system, ask your GP if it&#8217;s safe for you to have the MMR vaccine.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Where can I find out more about the MMR vaccine and vaccine safety?<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/vaccinations\/mmr-vaccine\/\">Read more about the MMR vaccine, including rare side effects, allergic reactions and ingredients, on the NHS website.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n  <div class=\"wp-block  box  ctaBox    is-style-textured-secondary-tint-10  size-medium\">\n    <div class=\"ctaBox__row\">\n      <div class=\"ctaBox__content\">\n        <div class=\"acf-innerblocks-container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Get support from Sense<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you or your child have been affected by congenital rubella syndrome, we&#8217;re here for you. Get in touch to find out more about the services we offer.<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <div class=\"ctaBox__cta\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sense.org.uk\/information-and-advice\/ask-us-for-help\/\" class=\"button  button--primary\">Contact us<\/a>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p>This content was last reviewed in April 2023. We&#8217;ll review it again in 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\nvar gform;gform||(document.addEventListener(\"gform_main_scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener(\"gform\/theme\/scripts_loaded\",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>\"function\"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn(\"The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 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